To visualize how often a cache miss happens over time, the most effective approach is to create a logs-based metric in Stackdriver Logging for the cache miss entries and then use Stackdriver Monitoring to create a dashboard for that metric. This allows for real-time monitoring and visualization of cache misses over time. Option A suggests using Google Data Studio, which is more for business intelligence and not as suited for real-time monitoring as Stackdriver Monitoring. Option B's suggestion to use Stackdriver Profiler is incorrect because Profiler is used for profiling application performance, not for monitoring log entries. Option D involves using BigQuery, which is more for data analysis and not as efficient for real-time visualization as Stackdriver Monitoring. Therefore, the correct answer is C.