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Answer: Hash value of existing primary key, Big-reversed sequential values
Using hash values of existing primary keys and bit-reversed sequential values are effective strategies for distributing keys evenly and preventing hot-spotting. Conversely, auto-incrementing values, timestamps, and starting primary keys with low cardinality attributes can exacerbate hot-spotting issues. For more details, refer to [Cloud Spanner schema design documentation](https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/schema-design).
Author: LeetQuiz Editorial Team
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To address hot-spotting in a Cloud Spanner database, changing the primary keys of tables is suggested. Which two methods would you consider for defining new keys to mitigate this issue?
A
Big-reversed sequential values
B
Timestamps
C
Hash value of existing primary key
D
Start primary key with low cardinality attribute
E
Auto-incrementing values
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