Binary Authorization is a deploy-time security service that ensures only trusted containers are deployed in your GKE cluster. It operates on a policy-driven model for configuring security policies and interacts with the Container Analysis service. An attestation, which is a statement from an Attestor confirming an image's readiness for deployment, must be properly submitted to avoid such errors. The setup process involves enabling necessary APIs, creating a Kubernetes cluster with Binary Authorization enabled, setting up a Note, generating PGP keys, and creating an Attestor. Simply contacting support or enabling Cloud Build with the right IAM permissions does not address the root cause of the attestation error.