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Answer: The standard deviation of the differences between portfolio return and the benchmark return.
## Explanation Tracking error is defined as the **standard deviation of the differences between the portfolio return and the benchmark return** over a specific period. This makes option C the correct answer. ### Key Points: - **Tracking error** measures how closely a portfolio follows its benchmark - It quantifies the volatility of the portfolio's relative performance - Mathematically: Tracking Error = σ(R_p - R_b) where: - R_p = portfolio return - R_b = benchmark return - σ = standard deviation ### Why other options are incorrect: - **Option A**: This describes the volatility of the benchmark itself, not the tracking error - **Option B**: This would be the average excess return (alpha), not tracking error - **Option D**: This refers to differences between performance measures, not tracking error Tracking error is particularly important for passive investment strategies where the goal is to closely replicate benchmark performance with minimal deviation.
Author: Tanishq Prabhu
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Tracking error is a key metric used to evaluate the performance of an investment portfolio relative to its benchmark. What is the tracking error?
A
The standard deviation of the return of the benchmark portfolio.
B
The average of the differences between the returns of the risky portfolio and the benchmark return.
C
The standard deviation of the differences between portfolio return and the benchmark return.
D
The difference between the return based on the Treynor measure and Jensen's