Answer: Both restatements and enforcement actions related to earnings management

## Explanation **After-the-fact confirmations of poor earnings quality** include: - **Restatements**: When companies revise previously reported financial statements, often indicating issues with original earnings quality - **Enforcement actions**: Regulatory actions (SEC, etc.) against companies for earnings management practices **Why both are confirmations:** - Restatements directly show that reported earnings were inaccurate - Enforcement actions indicate regulatory bodies have identified earnings management issues - Both provide external validation that earnings quality was poor **Conclusion:** Both restatements and enforcement actions serve as after-the-fact confirmations of poor earnings quality.

Author: LeetQuiz Editorial Team