Explanation

The covariance between two random variables X and Y is calculated using the formula:

$\text{Cov}[X,Y] = E[XY] - E[X]E[Y]$

Given:

• E[X] = 3
• E[Y] = 4
• E[XY] = 11

$\text{Cov}[X,Y] = 11 - (3 \times 4)$ $\text{Cov}[X,Y] = 11 - 12$ $\text{Cov}[X,Y] = -1$

Therefore, the covariance is -1, which corresponds to option A.