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Derivatives allow investors and institutions to break apart (i.e., segment) risks. Conversely, derivatives can be used to manage risks on a joint basis. The financial engineers responsible for devising complex instruments do so to satisfy the risk-return appetites of their clients. But financial engineering is not by itself risk management, and in the world of derivatives the line between hedging and speculation can be blurry. Case studies that feature financial engineering by way of complex derivatives include Bankers Trust and the Orange County case. In regard to these financial engineering cases. Which of the following statements is false?
A
Bankers Trust (BT) proposed an overly complex swap to their clients (P&G and Gibson Greetings) but the swaps experienced colossal losses; the clients sued BT, who never recovered from the ensuing reputational damage.
B
Orange County's treasurer (Robert Citron) borrowed through the repo market to purchase inverse floating-rate notes--positions that Citron later said he did not understand--but the combination of excessive leverage and embedded interest-rate risk generated losses that ultimately forced Orange County to file for bankruptcy.
C
Firms need to understand the risks that are inherent in their business models. Senior management then needs to deploy robust policies and risk measures tying risk management, and particularly the use of derivatives, to risk appetite and overall business strategy as it has been communicated to stake holders.
D
If the purpose of the position is designated as hedging (rather than speculation) and if the hedge consists only of some combination(s) of forwards, swaps and/or options--which are the primary building blocks--then the firm can avoid problems suffered by the financial engineering case studies because the firm avoids undue sophistication.