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Dutch tulip mania is considered one of the first major financial bubbles. It occurred in 1636-37 when introduction of tulips imported from Turkey generated extremely high demand which led to an astronomical jump in prices. Tulips were first traded as forward contracts, but the government passed laws allowing certain contracts to be transformed to options contracts. Short selling was strictly prohibited. After the price of tulips rose so high that a single bulb exceeded the cost of an average home, the price collapsed, and many investors went bankrupt. Which of the features of exchange markets listed below would have helped to prevent or mitigate the tulip mania?
A
If Dutch exchanges had allowed only forward contracts, tulip sellers would have been contractually required to pay the full value of the contracts at expiry, which would have minimized speculative trades.
B
By allowing the netting of multiple trades in the portfolio, exchanges help offset the risk from long and short trades, which can decrease potential losses in the portfolio.
C
The main role of an exchange is to enforce payments by counterparties on both sides of the trades, which would have eliminated credit risk for tulip traders.
D
Exchanges offer multiple protection tools that help against counterparty credit risk, but those tools do not protect against economic risk.