Answer: Share repurchases

## Explanation **Correct Answer: B (Share repurchases)** **Why Share Repurchases are Equivalent to Cash Dividends:** 1. **Wealth Effect Perspective:** Both cash dividends and share repurchases transfer value from the company to shareholders. In a share repurchase, the company buys back its own shares, which reduces the number of shares outstanding and increases the value of remaining shares. 2. **Tax Considerations:** While tax treatment may differ between dividends and share repurchases in some jurisdictions, from a pure wealth transfer perspective (ignoring taxes), they are economically equivalent. 3. **Per Share Value:** When a company repurchases shares, the remaining shareholders own a larger percentage of the company, and the per-share value increases proportionally. **Why the Other Options are NOT Equivalent:** **A. Stock Dividends:** - Stock dividends involve issuing additional shares to existing shareholders without any cash transfer. - They represent a capitalization of retained earnings but do not transfer wealth from the company to shareholders. - The total market value of the company remains unchanged, and shareholders' proportional ownership stays the same. - It's essentially a paper transaction that splits the equity pie into more pieces. **C. Reverse Stock Splits:** - Reverse stock splits reduce the number of shares outstanding by combining multiple shares into one. - This is purely a cosmetic change that doesn't affect shareholder wealth or the company's market capitalization. - No value is transferred from the company to shareholders. **Key Concept:** In perfect capital markets (ignoring taxes, transaction costs, and signaling effects), share repurchases and cash dividends of equal value have identical effects on shareholder wealth. Both reduce the company's assets (cash) and equity by the same amount, leaving shareholders with the same total wealth.

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