Answer: cash.

## Explanation Enterprise value (EV) is calculated as: **EV = Market Value of Equity + Market Value of Debt + Market Value of Preferred Stock - Cash and Cash Equivalents** Where: - Market Value of Equity = Market capitalization - Market Value of Debt = Total debt (including both short-term and long-term debt) - Market Value of Preferred Stock = Value of preferred shares - Cash and Cash Equivalents = Cash, bank deposits, and highly liquid investments From the formula, we can see that enterprise value equals the market value of a company's debt and equity (and preferred stock) **reduced by** the company's **cash and cash equivalents**. Therefore, the correct answer is **B. cash.** ### Why this is important: Enterprise value represents the total value of a company's operations that is available to all investors (both equity and debt holders). By subtracting cash, we get a better measure of the company's operating value because cash is a non-operating asset that could be used to pay down debt or distribute to shareholders. ### Key points: 1. Enterprise value measures the total value of a company's business operations 2. Cash is subtracted because it reduces the net cost to acquire the company 3. The formula assumes that an acquirer could use the target company's cash to pay for part of the acquisition 4. Enterprise value is often used in valuation multiples like EV/EBITDA

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