Both the financial scandals at Bankers Trust and Orange County involved the use of complex financial instruments with an aim to achieve high returns. Bankers Trust used complex derivatives trades to promise Procter & Gamble (P&G) and Gibson Greetings a high probability of a small reduction in funding costs in exchange for a low-probability, large loss. These derivatives were intentionally complex to prevent P&G and Gibson Greetings from understanding their risks and overall implications. Similarly, Orange County's treasurer, Robert Citron, used complex structured products, specifically inverse floating-rate notes, to generate higher than average returns. These notes' coupon payments would decrease when interest rates rose, effectively betting on interest rates falling or staying low. However, when the Federal Reserve increased interest rates, the value of Citron's portfolio decreased significantly, leading to substantial losses.