Near misses are incidents that could have resulted in an operational loss but did not because of good luck or intervention outside of the normal course of controls. An example would be sending funds to the wrong person but having the funds reversed before the funds could be withdrawn. This concept is crucial in operational risk management as it helps organizations identify potential risks and take preventive measures. By analyzing near misses, organizations can understand the weaknesses in their operational processes and controls, and take corrective actions to prevent actual losses in the future. This proactive approach to risk management can significantly enhance an organization's resilience to operational risks.

Choice A is incorrect. Internal losses refer to the actual losses that a firm incurs due to operational risk events within the organization. They do not account for incidents that did not result in losses due to external interventions.

Choice B is incorrect. External losses are those incurred by other firms in the same industry and are used as a benchmark or reference point for assessing potential operational risks. They do not specifically relate to incidents that were prevented from causing loss through interventions outside of normal controls.

Choice D is incorrect. Process mapping is a tool used in operational risk management to identify potential risks by visually representing the steps involved in a process, their sequence, and decision points. It does not directly deal with incidents that had the potential for loss but were prevented due to external interventions.

Things to Remember

• Operational Risk Management: Involves identifying, assessing, and managing risks arising from operational failures, including processes, people, systems, and external events.
• Loss Events: Actual losses incurred by a firm due to operational risk events, which can be used to analyze trends and patterns in risk exposure.
• Risk Mitigation: Strategies and actions taken to reduce the likelihood or impact of