Explanation:
The correct answer is A. The first factor correctly identifies one of the reasons that motivated banks to manipulate the LIBOR. Banks manipulated the LIBOR to earn higher profits from instruments like interest rate swaps, which are influenced by the LIBOR. Interest rate swaps are derivative contracts in which one party agrees to make periodic payments to another party based on a fixed interest rate, in exchange for payments that are based on a floating interest rate (like the LIBOR). Therefore, by manipulating the LIBOR, banks could influence the cash flows from these swaps and potentially earn higher profits. This manipulation could be particularly profitable for banks if they had a significant exposure to interest rate swaps. Choice B is incorrect. While it might seem logical that banks would want to lower the LIBOR to reduce their reserve requirements, this is not accurate. Reserve requirements are determined by central banks and are based on a bank's net transaction accounts, not the LIBOR rate. Therefore, manipulating the LIBOR would not affect a bank's reserve requirements. Choice C is incorrect. As explained above, manipulating the LIBOR does not affect a bank's reserve requirements, so factor II is not a correct reason for banks to manipulate the LIBOR.
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Q.647 Since the LIBOR rate is composed of estimates, not actual rates, it has been seen in recent years that the banks were involved and sanctioned for manipulating the LIBOR rate. An excerpt from a newspaper reads: "As the LIBOR rates are published on the basis of the estimates provided by banks, the traders at some of the larger banks conspired to provide inaccurate rates in order to manipulate the average of rates used for the LIBOR." One of the analysts at a local business news channel suggested the following two factors for the manipulation of the LIBOR: I. One motive for banks to manipulate the LIBOR was to make exceptional profits on instruments like interest rate swaps, whose cash flows depend on the LIBOR. II. Another factor that motivated banks to manipulate the LIBOR downward is that if the LIBOR is lower, then the reserve requirement for the banks is also lower and the banks have more funds to invest. Which of the factors for the banks to manipulate the LIBOR is/are correct?
A
Only factor I is a correct factor that motivated banks to manipulate the LIBOR.
B
Only factor II is a correct factor that motivated banks to manipulate the LIBOR.
C
Both factors motivated banks to manipulate the LIBOR.
D
None of the factors motivated banks to manipulate the LIBOR.